Digital Transformation, Industry 4.0 and the Internet of Things: attempt of a clarification for SMEs

Industry 4.0 or Production 4.0 is the current trend of automation and data exchange in manufacturing technologies. Industry 4.0 is an industrial evolution concept with four stages (see fig. 1). The term is mainly used in Europe, having its roots in Germany. There are, however, similar initiatives in many countries. In the US, it is called „Industrial Internet Consortium“ (IIC). The Industrial Internet Consortium was founded in March 2014 by the companies AT & T, Cisco, General Electric, IBM and Intel. New Internet technologies are to be jointly promoted, although the approach is not limited to the industrial sector. Further initiatives are in Japan under the name „Industrial Value-Chain Initiative“ (IVI). Initiators are major Japanese companies. China also took initiatives similar to the German political initiative “Industry 4.0” in the five-year plan of 2015. They are intended to play a decisive role in the shift from low-wage countries to global industrial power. South Korea also invests in so-called smart factories. In several European countries there are other activities comparable to the German political initiative “Industry 4.0”, such as France du „Industrie du futur“.

 

Industry 4.0 has its basic focus on the production process within a „smart factory“, while the Internet of Things focuses on the utilization phase of digitalized and connected devices and products. Industry 4.0 includes cyber-physical systems, the Internet of things (IoT) and cloud computing (Herrmann, Pentek und Otto 2016). The term “industry 4.0” focuses strongly on smart factories. In order to describe general digital transformation processes, resulting value chain changes and effects related to non-industrial small and medium enterprises (SME) we consider the term industry 4.0 as too constricted (see fig. 1).

Figure 1: Industrial revolution and future view (Wikipedia, Industry 4.0 2017)

 

Industry 4.0 creates or resembles what has been called a „smart factory“ (Wikipedia, Industry 4.0 2017). A smart factory is a smart system that is based on smart engineering. The digital transformation shell model (see fig. 2) shows the relation of the different terms.

Figure 2: Digital transformation shell model

Smart systems incorporate functions of sensing, actuation, and control in order to describe and analyse a situation, and make decisions based on the available data in a predictive or adaptive manner, thereby performing smart actions. In most cases the “smartness” of the system can be attributed to autonomous operation based on closed loop control, energy efficiency, and networking capabilities. Smart systems typically consist of diverse components (Wikipedia 2015):

  • Sensors for signal and data acquisition,
  • Elements transmitting the information to processing unit
  • Processing unit that take decisions and give instructions based on the available information
  • Components transmitting decisions and instructions
  • Actuators that perform or trigger the required action.

Smart systems are linked to the development of the IoT, in that they provide smart functionality to objects, e.g., to industrial goods in the supply chain, or to food products in the food supply chain. With the help of active or passive object identification technology, wireless sensors, real-time sense and response capability, energy efficiency, as well as networking functionality, objects will become smart objects. These smart objects are often seen as special IoT-application. E.g. they could support the elderly and the disabled. Or, the close tracking and monitoring of food products could improve food supply and quality. Smart industrial goods could store information

about their origin, destination, components, and use. And waste disposal could become a truly efficient individual recycling process (Wikipedia 2015).

 

What is smart engineering? This term covers the methods, processes and IT tools for the cross-disciplinary, system-oriented development of innovative, intelligent and connected products, manufacturing facilities and infrastructures. These areas are currently also grouped together under the term Industry 4.0. This refers to the networking of, and comprehensive exchange of information between, all the components involved in the manufacturing process, and between all the individual part-processes of product development and manufacture, with the aim of achieving significant improvements in performance, cost, quality and customer acceptance of products.

 

An important part of smart engineering is securing and testing an interdisciplinary lifecycle management process, as the various knowledge domains and interrelationships are currently not sufficiently connected, with the result that information can be lost and networked relationships have to be recaptured and re-implemented.

 

For product development purposes, smart engineering applications come into play as early as the planning stage, because it is here that, within a diverse range of defining criteria, the developer first starts to create the product’s structure and associated information models. This digital development process ultimately benefits the qualifying and networking of production and the modelling of processes and automation technology. This must involve secure and reliable communication between not just the individual sub-processes but also the various components of the manufacturing facilities. A particular challenge here is communication with mobile elements.

Ultimately, smart engineering is about the integration of product development, production planning and production management to ensure the rapid market-ready implementation of innovative product ideas and the creation of value via a digital development process. (Universität Duisburg 2017).

 

For this report, smart systems that focus on typical SME value chains will be considered as SME 4.0. According to (Herrmann, Pentek und Otto 2016) Smart engineering constitutes of (see fig. 2):

  • cyber-physical systems,
  • Internet of things,
  • cloud computing.

 

 

Cyber-physical systems

In cyber-physical systems (CPS), physical and software components are deeply intertwined, each operating on different spatial and temporal scales, exhibiting multiple and distinct behavioural modalities, and interacting with each other in a myriad of ways that change with context (US National Science Foundation 2010). Examples of CPS include Industry 4.0 or SME 4.0 in general or smart grid, autonomous automobile systems, medical monitoring, process control systems, robotics systems, and automatic pilot avionics in particular. Often, CPS are seen as a pre-stage to IoT. They are sharing the same basic architecture, nevertheless, CPS present a higher combination and coordination between physical and computational elements (Rad, et al. 2015). Common applications of CPS typically fall under sensor-based communication-enabled autonomous systems. For example, many wireless sensor networks monitor some aspect of the environment and relay the processed information to a central node (Karnouskos 2011). A challenge in the development of cyber-physical systems is the large differences in the design practice between the various engineering disciplines involved, such as software and mechanical engineering (J .Fitzgerald 2014).

 

Internet of things

 

The market researchers at IDC estimate that in 2020 around 30 billion „things“ worldwide – such as machines, cars, washing machines and fridges – will be connected via the Internet. In Germany alone, there will allegedly be six connected devices per inhabitant in 2017. Parallel to this development, a genuine explosion in data volumes is taking place: the data volume on the Internet doubles every two years. By 2020, mobile data traffic will be 150 times the size it was in 2010 (Telekom 2017).

 

IoT is the network of interconnected smart objects which are embedded with sensors, software, network connectivity and necessary electronics that enables them to collect and exchange data making them responsive. In 2013 the Global Standards Initiative on Internet of Things (IoT-GSI) defined the IoT as „the infrastructure of the information society“ (ITU 2017). It is an architectural framework which allows integration and data exchange between the physical world and computer systems over existing network infrastructure. IoT does not have a focus on production, but on the utilization phase of digitalized and connected devices and products, which allows the vendors to communicate with their own products while they are used by the customers and to provide new „digital“ customer services such as predictive maintenance (Vogt, et al. 2016). Main IoT-components are:

  • Hardware:

Making physical objects responsive and giving them capability to retrieve data and respond to instructions

  • Software:

Enabling the data collection, storage, processing, manipulating and instructing

Communication Infrastructure:

consists of protocols and technologies which enable physical objects to exchange data

 

Smart objects are determined by

  • Object identification
  • Sensors
  • Actuators
  • Communication protocol
  • Identification of location
  • Memory

 

Object identification is usually based on auto-id technologies such as

  • RFID, Bluetooth beacons etc.
  • Bar-, QR-Code
  • Image recognition
  • Biometrical identification,
    • Fingerprint
    • Iris-recognition,
    • Face recognition,
  • Analysis of surface strutures
  • GPS in combination

 

Based on various technologies common IoT-sensors are able to measure the following parameters:

 

  • Temperature,
  • Various light parameters,
  • Pressure,
  • Vibration
  • Deformations
  • Acceleration,
  • Cardinal direction,
  • Moisture,
  • Acoustical events, Speech
  • Visual events, video
  • Personal profiles, e.g. behavioural profiles

 

The technological complement to a sensor is an actuator, a device that converts an electrical signal into action, often by converting the signal to nonelectrical energy, such as motion. A simple example of an actuator is an electric motor that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. Actuators may be stand-alone (i.e. just an output device), or may be combined with an IoT input sensor. An example might be an intelligent light bulb designed for night lighting outdoors – where the sensor detects that the ambient light has fallen to a predetermined level (that may be externally programmable), and in addition to reporting this data upstream also directly triggers the actuator (the light bulb itself) to turn on. In many cases an actuator, in addition to acting on data sent to it over an IoT network, will report back with additional data as well, so in some sense may contain both a sensor as well as an actuator. An example, again using a light bulb: the light bulb turns on only when specifically instructed by external data, but if the light element fails, the bulb will inform the network that this device is no longer capable of producing light – even though it’s receiving data. A robustly designed network would also require the use of light bulb actuators that issue an occasional ‘heartbeat’ so if the bulb unit fails completely, the network will know this and report the failure (Parasam 2016).

 

With regard to the OSI seven-layer reference model there are different communication protocols available. Some protocols work jointly on different OSI-layers. There are two major technical problems that are currently on the agenda

Protocols for meshes, communication between objects without access point

Requirement of low energy consumption.

This selection of of available protocols is nor complete:

  • Bluetooth low energy (BLE) – Specification providing a low power variant to classic Bluetooth with a comparable communication range.
  • Near-field communication (NFC) – Communication protocols enabling two electronic devices to communicate within a short range.
  • Radio-frequency identification (RFID) – Technology using electromagnetic fields to read data stored in tags embedded in other items, also for identification.
  • WiFi (802.11b, g, n),
  • Z-Wave – Communication protocol providing short-range, low-latency data transfer at rates and power consumption lower than Wi-Fi. Used primarily for home automation.
  • ZigBee – Communication protocols for personal area networking based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard, providing low power consumption, low data rate, low cost, and high throughput,
  • GSM, 3G, LTE, 4G …..

 

Current technologies for identification of location are GPS, triangulation or ultrasound for room inside of buildings. Memory technologies depend on actual hardware implementation.

 

IoT refers to networking objects with the Internet so that these can communicate independently over the Internet and carry out various tasks for the owner. The most important evolutionary step in implementing the vision of the Internet of Things took place in 2012 when the leading Internet groups switched to the Internet Protocol Version 6. This hugely increased the number of available IP addresses: whereas before 4.3 billion addresses had almost entirely been used up, there are now 340 sextillion free addresses available. Furthermore, web addresses could previously only be issued to computers, smartphones, and other devices – now every container, every pallet and, even every individual garment can get its own IP.

 

The IoT-map (fig. 2a) below provides a interesting view on different application areas for IoT-system with and without allocated IP-addresses. The map makes a difference between IP-based -system und such systems based on non-IP-protocols. Systems based on non-IP-protocols are for instance RFID or Meshes. Actually, from the computer science point of view there is no Internet. But for this report, such system shall belong to the class of IoT applications. On the other hand side we have IP-based systems – part of the Internet. This particular figure focuses on systems of smart objects and systems of machines attached to people – the Internet of people.

 

The non-scientific term “Internet of people” (IoPTS) describes the vision where people, things (physical objects) and services are seamlessly integrated into the networks of networks as active participants that exchange data about themselves and their perceived surrounding environments over a web-based infrastructure. The IoPTS, amongst many other aspects, is characterized by: its massivity in terms of people, services, and things, that will generate information populating massive databases; its advanced capability for tracking people, objects and things; its focus is on multiple frontiers, a person can assume multiple identities where each identity is associated with multiple things (devices) connected to multiple services; its vertical mobility with a phenomenal increase in the level of complexity from a governance point of view (Eloff, et al. 2009).

 

In the given context the term “smart objects and systems” refers to the fig. 2 related explanations. Consumer applications are located in-between IoPTS and smart systems.

Fig. 2a: Different application areas for system with and without allocated own IP-addresses (IDTechEX 2017)

 

IoT applications

 

There are several options to classify IoT application areas. E.g. a technical classification or a function based classification would be possible. In order to address special SME requirements, for this report we have chosen a market oriented classification. We have identified a number of key markets for the IoT with potential for exponential growth (see fig. 3).

Figure 3: IoT-application Areas

Below we have listed characteristic applications and products that belong to the above IoT Key markets (Texas Instruments 2017).

 

  1. Building and home automation

Typical function:

enhancing security, reduction of energy and maintenance costs, monitoring and control of intelligent buildings and smart homes.

Product Examples

  • Light control
  • Smart Lock: can be activated using keys, buttons, RFID, biometrics or other types of door keypads and readers
  • Nest: Learning Thermostat that can automatically adjust temperature based on location with far-field sensor to determine the time and temperature from a distance
  1. Smart cities

Typical functions:

Reduction of cost & resource consumption for outdoor lighting, traffic management, water distribution, waste management, environmental monitoring, surveillance, long range wireless connectivity, centralized & integrated system control.

Product Examples

  • Smart grid for energy distribution
  • Smart meters
  • Smart sensor bank: array of standard sensors mounted on light poles that detect location (GPS), air quality, proximity to detect traffic/pedestrian movement, light level monitoring, moisture, temperature and more.

 

  1. Industrial IoT

Typical functions:

This term is linked to “Industry 4.0” and “Digital Transformation”, see special chapter below,

Product Examples

  • Communication Modules
  • Various Sensors
  • Process & data analytics
  1. Automotive

Typical functions: connected car with a variety of infotainment services and connected car applications for drivers such as emergency services, remote vehicle diagnostics, vehicle tracking and recovery, safe driver and no-texting services

Product Examples

  • Engine management
  • Infotainment
  • Electronic toll collection system

 

  1. Wearables

Typical functions: sensor based ultra-low power solutions in various areas, e.g. sports

Product Examples

  • Fitbit allows people to track their health and exercise progress
  • Smart watches
  • Glasses, like Google glass

 

  1. Healthcare

Typical functions: capture health data, Hospitals keep tabs on the location of medical devices, personnel and patients.

Product examples

  • remote health monitoring
  • Tracking Healthcare Devices
  • Smart disease surveillance
  • Ultrasounds, thermometers, glucose monitors, electrocardiograms become connected and letting patients track their health

 

  1. Logistics and trade

Typical functions: asset tracking, mobile payment

Product examples

  • Inventory & Warehouse Management
  • RFID tags, active & passive, near-field communication (NFC)
  • Bluetooth beacons
  • Connected fleet management

Fig. 3a: Increase of Machine-to-machine connections in the Verizon network (Verizon 2015)

Above fig. 3a provides an impressive image of the traffic increase of M2M connections resulting from the IoT utilization, here in an international provider network.

Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)

The Industrial Internet of Things is defined by the Industrial Internet Consortium as ‘machines, computers and people enabling intelligent industrial operations using advanced data analytics for transformational business outcomes” (Industrial Internet consorium 2017).

Generally, it is one basis of Industry 4.0 and the digital transformation. The Industrial Internet of Things or IIoT is the connection between IT (information technology) and OT (operational technology). IIoT is the most important segment in IoT, much more than consumer applications (see fig 3). The Industrial Internet of Things is related with Industry 4.0: all IoT applications in Industry 4.0 are forms of IIoT but not all IIoT use cases are about the industries which are categorized as Industry 4.0 (i-SCOOP 2016). Typical use cases of the Industrial Internet of Things include intelligent machine applications, industrial control applications, factory floor use cases, condition monitoring, use cases in agriculture or smart grid applications. Figure 4 below the refines the shell model of fig. 2. In particular this figure tries to address the

Figure 4: The IIOT-environment

different technological areas involved with the IIOT. It’s important to know that the Industrial Internet of Things is not just about saving costs and optimizing efficiency though. Companies also have the possibility to realize important transformations and can find new opportunities, e.g. entirely new business models in Industry 4.0 (i-SCOOP 2016).

 

(Vogt, et al. 2016) proposes a slightly different value-chain focused view: Both, Industry 4.0 and IoT, examine the possibilities arising through increasing connectedness on various levels – from the device and machine level, to the machine park level (in production) or device groups (customers‘ use) to connected machines and products on a business process level(see fig 5).

Fig. 5: Cores of IoT and Industry 4.0 in the value chain (Vogt, et al. 2016)

The IIOT enables industries to rethink business models. These industries might also belong to the SME-Sector. In case of SME’s we are proposing the expression SME 4.0. It is capable of generating actionable information and knowledge from IIoT devices, for instance, enables the creation of a data sharing ecosystem with new revenue streams and partnerships

The term IIOT is often used in the context of Industry 4.0 / SME 4.0, which is the term that describes a new industrial revolution with a focus on automation, innovation and data (see fig. 4). On top of IIoT, Industry 4.0 also is about other technologies; which are related with it.

Examples include robotics, cloud computing but also the evolutions in operational technology (OT). It involves specialised technologies for data analyses. (see also next chapter).

 

According to (i-SCOOP 2016) below are a few typical IIoT use cases and business contexts:

  • Smart factory applications and smart warehousing.
  • Smart metering and monitoring.
  • Smart environment solutions.
  • Smart city applications (parking, traffic, waste management,…)
  • Smart farming and livestock monitoring.
  • Security systems
  • Energy consumption optimization
  • Industrial heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
  • Asset tracking and smart logistics.
  • Ozone, gas and temperature monitoring in industrial environments.
  • Safety and health (conditions) monitoring of workers.
  • Smart maintenance and equipment management.

 

Above use cases can be illustrated by a collection of technical IIOT-examples (provided by (Schaeffler Germany 2017)):

 

Example 1:Optimizing Maintenance in Wind Energy

Using sensors in vital components enables users to retrieve information on the condition of wind turbines during operation and process it in real time in a solution of Schaeffler. It is planned to use wind turbines to explore how machine learning can reveal additional insights about the performance of equipment in different operating conditions. Sensors in the equipment and in the bearings themselves will report on the condition of components in real-time. Using wind forecasts algorithms, turbine operators will be able to plan ahead and replace parts during less windy periods.

 

Example 2: Digitized Monitoring and Optimization of Trains

 

Using cognitive insights from the cloud, this particular solution (Laros 2016) is aiming to enhance its predictive maintenance systems for railways, helping to improve efficiency and safety. Smart bearings will be able to measure their own vibration, temperature, torque and speed triggering alerts and informing railway operators about possible safety issues.

 

Example 3: Connected Equipment Operations Centres

 

The connected Industry 4.0 will allow for the monitoring of thousands of machines and pieces of equipment on and off site. Data can be transmitted to an operation centre and processed in the cloud. Algorithms and cognitive approaches can analyse that data to make predictions about machine performance and create opportunities for optimization. Irregularities and potential faults can be automatically identified and corresponding actions rapidly initiated.

 

„This is an era of unprecedented industrial transformation defined by factories, machines and parts capable of self-assessing, triggering actions and exchanging information with each other, and with the people who manufacture and maintain them,“ said Harriet Green of IBM Watson IoT (Laros 2016).

 

Data analysis for IoT

 

It is important to not only collect data from machines, sensors, ERP systems, manufacturing execution systems (MES) and other sources, but to also ensure a detailed analysis of these data. Data collection is done via adapters (also called connectors, agents etc.). Typically, these adapters transmit machine-readable data into traditional systems such as databases or databases that are integrated with an ERP system or MES to conduct various analysis of these data, which today often must be prepared manually by specialists. Very advanced solutions are able to process certain data without intermediate processing steps.

 

An important issue is the big amount of data. Based on the assumption that critical information might be hidden in a single value for a certain signal source that may vary from the mass of other values, raw data must not be filtered, compressed or changed otherwise. Mathematical procedures and algorithms such as compressed sensing (Indyk 2017) could be implemented within the machine to reduce the amount of generated signals without losses. Although improved predictive maintenance is of quite some relevance today, industrial analytics goes far beyond such predictive analytics. In future, we will see the convergence of CAD, CAM, PLM and ERP topics, for instance, to allow for mass-customized, batch size 1 production, which is an aspect that hardly plays a role for the benchmarked vendors. Still, vendors‘ offerings are limited to forecasts, which are sold under new names such as „predictive“ and „prescriptive“. Common differentiation of analyses methods (Vogt, et al. 2016):

 

  • Descriptive:

retrospective to find out what has happened and why

 

  • Predictive:

looking ahead to find out why something will happen

 

  • Prescriptive:

looking ahead to find out how an undesirable situation can be prevented, if necessary

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Veröffentlicht unter Allgemein, Industrie 4.0, Internet of Things